Walking Back to Nature- Inland Water Transportaton - Solution to Modern Day Transportation by Oladokun Sulaiman - Oladok12@yahoo.com

 Inland Waterway Hybrid SustainableTable 4 - Emission comparison
Transportation - A solution to Modern DayÂ
Transportation ProblemÂ
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1.0Â IntroductionSox
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In today's transportation congestion and air pollutionÂ
problem on shore infrastructure is causing more%
moderate concern and increasingly damaging growth%
in the size of the problem cal for need for formulation%
of policy for air- road to sea integration. By placing%
focus on waterborne transport, and integrating to road%
and air issue place a higher demand multimodalAfter treatment
transport which in turn give leverage for need to putÂ
focus on a number of shortcomings related to the useÂ
of ships for community and freight transport inÂ
conjunction with other mode of transportation. To aidÂ
the implementation of policy for the use of inland waterÂ
transportation, high number of community research andSCR (Selected catalytic reduction)
technical development actions, relevant to waterborneÂ
transport is require. Some of which could include-81
concerted action on short sea shipping, designed to-35
identify some of the structural or generic problems in-7.5
the use of ships for relatively short-haul transport and-7.5
other that target environmental impacts as well as-7.5
issue of safe and efficient increase of reliabilityPMF (Particulate matter filter)
intermodal transportation. Furthermore, hybrid use ofÂ
transportation will require the intelligent transportationNone
system that incorporates use of advanced Integrated-85
Ship Control Systems, AIS and extensive use of2
information technology needed to provide a solution to2
modern transportation problem.2
ÂDrive management systems
Inland water transportation either in moving people andÂ
freight in a sustainable manner is increasingly becomingÂ
important, will be one of the biggest challenges for theÂ
21st Century, an age where environmental pressure isÂ
calling for sensitive reactions, adoption of newÂ
proactive innovative behavior to relate factorsATM (Advising tempomaat)
associated with design, construction and operationsÂ
and utilize them to deal with inherent needs response.-10
Action associated with human life mitigation has-10
always been part of concern of decision making, but-10
to a less extent. In a world where warning of nature-10
regarding need of awareness and sensitivity as well-10
facts to how substantial nature is to the support of lifeDiesel fuel quality / substitutes
and how much damage reckless human activities hasÂ
cause imbalance in our planet. A situation that is vividlyÂ
threatening our plant today and striping hope for ourÂ
future generation survival in this planet, A situation thatÂ
is equally calling for all of us to adopt new philosophyÂ
of doing things, and giving insight in inevitable return to(BD) Bio - Diesel
nature earlier ways of doing things - from use of sun,Â
water and clean energy store in earth crust to use of-10
inland water transportation. Past engineer work on-30
inland have been dominated with reactive, and today s15
world has reach a toll where by there is no chance to65
wait for accidents whose consequence is~-100
environmental degradation at its point form orBDB (Biodiesel blend , 20%BD)
instantaneous calamity. [1].ÂÂ
Â2
There is a surmountable barrier to achieving a-6
sustainable multimodal inland water transportation3
where environmental impacts and risk will be mitigated-13
and integrative components of water recourses will be~-20
utilized. However, incorporating holistic systemsLSF (Low sulfur fuel)
framework and system engineering tools back withÂ
analysis and identification leading to alternative path toNone
short and long term solutions to the problem can-1.7nonenone
facilitate achieving quality management of the evolving~-100
new philosophy of sustainability [2]. Such alternativeNew engine technology
solutions after discounting environmental concern couldÂ
accommodate increasing inland waterway integrationÂ
for shipping cargo containers including lockÂ
development, intermodal, information technologyÂ
solution, provision of incentives to alleviate congestionÂ
during seasonal congestion hybrid of transportationNGE(Natural Gas Engine)
mode based on best option selection [3]. SustainableÂ
Inland water system contains physical elements that-98.5
include waterways, ports, and intermodal network of-97.5
railroads, roadways, and pipelines, that connect the4.5
waterborne portions of the system as required. The-10
physical elements also include the vessels and vehicles-100
that move goods and people within the system. TheÂ
physical network is supported by a series of systems6.5 Social impacts - Trucks and trains operate much
that facilitate the movement of goods and people, andcloser to populated areas and release large amount of
provide access for recreation and to naturalpollution and noise to the residence, barges quietly
resources. Also associated with development of inlandmake their way along isolated waterways for most of
water transportation is dredging work to meet size oftheir trip. By contrast, river barges have little impact on
vessels, maintenance dredging and containmentdensely-populated areas. Barge transits are relatively
technologies for dredge material disposal or reuse ofinfrequent because of the large tonnage moved at
dredged material may be a feasible alternative thatone time. River operations take place in channels
provides an economic benefit.Âaway from the shore, and the engines of a towboat
Âare usually below the water line, which muffles the
2.0 Inland Water Transportation System (IWTS)sound. Surface traffic, both road and rail, near
Âresidential neighborhoods contributes to visual, physical,
Civilization has ground up along rivers, lakes, ocean, theand psychological barriers that can lead to the
great rivers of the world, like Amazon, Mississippi,fragmentation of those neighborhoods. Reduced social
Ganges Rhine Danube Niger, and Nile influences theinteraction, reduced access to other neighborhoods,
lives of millions, not only their very existence but alsoand increased traffic congestion Traffic congestion
their political, art, and science. People are inherentlycan lead to serious disruptions of police, fire, and
drawn to water, this make use of water resources anmedical services, as well as periodic isolation of parts
important part of human development. Properlyof communities
managed river basin can augment food water supplies,Â
improve transportation, provide energy and develop6.6 Cargo capacity - In terms of capacity a study
industry. Development of water resources also carrydone by COB came up with the following conclusion,
the good beneficial reward to reciprocal developmentwhich gives inland water a good advantage over other
of waterfront areas that provide multiuse activities;mode of transportation.
improve social interaction and a sense of community.Â
Hybrid concept requires facilities to be strategically6.7 Economic of IWTS - The political and economic
placed in close proximity to other modal transportationchanges of nation is a big factor that maneuvered and
system. The design need to pay attention to historic,created dynamic emerging economy in and generated
current and future development patterns.needs and perspectives for more trade and transport
Âalong the river in Europe and the United States. Such
Inland navigation offers important opportunities to moveeconomy analysis and environmental analysis which is
cargos on river, estuarine and associated tributary inbeing dealt with in this research cold bring assurance
an energy-efficient manner, reduced cost of goodto drive the Transport policies that promote modal shift.
transportation per tone - kilometer compare to otherThe making of inland transportation requires economic
mode of transportation in. It remain one of the bestanalyses that identify trade growth consequential rapid
option available to mitigating problem associated withrise in the amount of traffic. Commercial transport in
global warming, climate change, noise pollution as wellMalaysia corridor has soared growing more than 100%
as congestion. Capacity building, environmentally andin the last decade, with by far the largest increase
socially friendly, taking advantage of nonstructuralregistered in road transit. It is expected that Malaysia
measures (such as fleet innovation) [3] as well aswill continue this dynamic economic development in the
infrastructure investments, and multimodal corridorcoming years (with minimum average GDP/capita
incorporation become increasingly a matter of diregrowth rates of 3-4% per year until 2015) and traffic
need today [4].Âflows could grow correspondingly [15].Compare to
Âother mode of transportation, Inland water
Inland water transportation has substantially shaped theTransportation is in comparison to air and road
growth and development of nations in Europe andtransport, seen as more environmentally friendly and
North America, however, previous work onenergy efficient, and can therefore contribute to
transportation are much more based on proactivesustainable socio-economic development of the region.
method, Recent study made by European UnionMultimodal use of available transport possibilities (road,
indicated potential for augmentation of percentage ofrail and IWT) has to be ensured.
shipping in total transport volume in the Danube region,Â
this lead to agreement for  inland6.8 Regulation requirement - Due to international
navigation improvement in an   Âimplication of maritime industry, the required to be
integrated manner by the ten Danube riparian statesimplemented are finalized by UN agencies following
there is indication that climate change will havetacit proceedure, while the state decide on formulating
will bring potential development of  on thelocal legislation towards implementation through marine
further development of IWT and this make navigationadministration and port state contol. Under above
management, planning and development of IWT todescribed legal framework for guide to drafting
take the issue of climate change and ozonelegislation, in the context of maritime transportation, 3
depletion into account.[5]main purposes of legislation under legal framework
Âare:i.     Â
The important of transportation and utilizing full      Â
advantage of new and emerging transportation      Â
technologies remain engine of tomorrow's growth andTo provide legal framework for maritime transportation
prosperities as well as supports for safety, security,- effective legal framework is expected to cover all
conservation of energy and environmental quality.parties involved in maritime transportationii.Â
Since, Inland transportation cannot stand alone and its      Â
efficiency, strength can only be maximized through      Â
integrative intermodalism and diversity, this provide   For implementation of basic
opportunity for cooperative climate for intermodalobjectives of states- to prevent coalition, accident and
systems, cooperative climate requires the coordinationconsequence of pollution that may arise from them-
of more than one mode of transportation. With eachlegislation involved monitoring that focus on manning,
mode having its own system-specific advantages:safety, prevention of collision, salvage.iii. Â
motor carriers have the ability to provide door-to-door      Â
service; water carriers that can handle bulk      Â
commodities safely at very low cost; and rails that can To achievement of certain economic purpose-
transport a broad range of commodities over longpolicy objective under economics from aim to expand
distances. Retaining sustainability principle that publicnational fleet, boosting of employment of national on
good is best served by the most efficient use ofboard foreign ship.
transport resources, regardless of mode, andÂ
implementing the new philosophy of its sustainability7.0 Technical requirement / Classification of IWTS
equally requires `incorporation of use of waterÂ
resources for other use as required by theRiver Classification System is n necessary to ensure
environment [6].the orderly and efficient control and maintenance of
Âwaterways an inventory of existing infrastructure and
Couple with this, recent issue of today especially fromtransport must be prepared as the base of a sound
environmental domain called for need to adopt newclassification system. This inventory should include
sustainability philosophy, a healthy and responsivenumerous quantitative aspects (e.g. minimum depths,
transportation system. And method that can yieldwidth, and vertical clearance of waterways, marking
vitality and growth, and the productivity of commerce,and minimum equipment with navigational aids, and
the nation needs [8]. Focusing on efficiency andnumber of vessels), as well as qualitative aspects (e.g.
complementation rather than competition betweenthe state of infrastructure and the fleet, transport
different transportation systems is a key economicperformance). Data difficulties can be often quite
growth, sustainability and productivity of a nation.substantial. Each waterway class: I, II,
Efficient freight transportation systems play a positive… has its standardized vessel (type,
role both in the economic life of industrialized countrieslength, beam, draught and carrying capacities to loading
and the daily lives of their citizens. These countriesdraught and minimum height under bridges) or limited
realize the importance of the relationship betweenstandardized integrated barge tow (formation and
good systems, services and their economy. However,number of barges in tow, total length of barge tow
while these transportation systems are essential to aplus pushboat, total beam of barge tow, draught of
modern society, and there are substantial economicmost loaded barge in tow and barge tow capacity in
benefits to be realized from them, there are alsoloaded state and minimum height under bridges)
significant negative environmental impacts, includingcorresponding to the waterway conditions.
preemption of land, disruption of topography, use ofClassification adopted by European Conference of
energy and other resources, and noise and air pollutionMinisters of Transport (ECMT) is shown in the table
[7].below [16].
ÂÂ
In making choice of transportation modes, considerationTable5- IWTS classification - Source: [47]
should be given to the mode that does not contributeÂ
to unnecessary increases in fuel use, exhaustClassification
emissions, accidents, spill incidents, and congestion. ItType
seems that not a day goes by without some newCarrying capacity(tonnes)
evidence of the increasing pollution of our environmentECMT classification  (maximum vessel
and its consequences. There are indicationsdimensions in metres)
everywhere those environmental rights (breathable air,Beam
drinkable water, fertile soil), which have been regardedLenght
as inexhaustible or renewable, are becoming scarceAir draft
[8]. Water draft
ÂI
Today, with much more environmental awareness andSmall barge
a greater understanding of the consequences of300
pollution, both government and society are much less5
tolerant of pollution. On a global scale, pollution is a38.5
growing threat to both human health and the3.55
environment. Commercial freight transportation, with its2.2
almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels,II
contributes significantly to pollution levels. Therefore,Campeenar barge
each form of transportation, as a major energy user,600
needs to be evaluated both as to the scarceness and6.6
future availability of the energy resources that it uses50
and to its impact on the environment. With each4.2
transport mode having its own specific energy-use2.5
and environmental characteristics, decisions onIII
transport issues, whether short or long term, haveDoctmund-Ems
inevitable impacts on the environment, which should be1,200
clearly weighed before a final decision is made[9].8.2
Â67
Both the environment and the quality of life are3.95
receiving greater attention, resulting in a growing2.5
demand for not only an environmentally soundIV
transportation system, but also for policies whereRhine- Hern
environmental goals are given greater weight in1,350
transportation decisions. The result of this concern9.5
over the impact of transportation systems on the80
environment is reflected in how those systems are4.4
now being planned for the future. Transportation2.5
designers and environmentalists, both of whomV
recognize the interdependence between transportationLarge Rhine
systems and the environment, are increasingly2000
concerned about maintaining an appropriate balance11.5
between the two. Likewise environmental laws are all95
over at the verge of established a legal framework6.7
aimed at keeping transportation decisions consistent2.7
with that goal [10].Â
ÂÂ
3.0 Threat and Challenge of Green House Gas, andÂ
Impact on Trio of Global Warming, Ozone Depletion,Â
Impact on Climate ChangeÂ
ÂÂ
ÂÂ
Recent time has seen environmental calamity andÂ
abnormal environmental behavior which today theÂ
consensus of scientist have agreed to be linked to7.1 IWTS Vessels Requirements
human activities. The world of man is madE up of theÂ
biosphere and the techno sphere, human inherited theThe Ship is about port and access to port by optimum
earlier and it give all support needed for human to live,size of ships and its associated economics implication
however, we neglect to know and even take care ofcan be made available through navigable channel
it and we created the later whose buy product arewhere maintenance dredging is needed. Ship
claimed to be responsible for effect of ozone depletionproduction and condition of channel are out of phase.
that limit sunlight reaching our planet andEconomic of large scale and demand has begot big
consequentially warm up our planet and cause othership to emerge within a short period of time after
chain reaction that leads to environmental revolt.second world war- however less attention has been
Âgiven to the channels that will continue to
Âaccommodate these ships. Large ships typically
The impact on coastal resources can be classified intomaneuver with difficulty in confined areas, and channel
four broad categories. The first is tidal inundation,width is a critical component of deep-draft channels
where about 1200 km2 in Peninsular Malaysia alone will.The requirements for access and protection in harbors
be submerged subsequent to bund failure, andand ports often lead to maintenance of channels and
mangroves will be lost if sea level rises at a rate of 0.9engineered structures, such as jetties and
cm/year. The second is shoreline erosion, which willbreakwaters.
account for another few hundred metres of shorelineShip characteristics - Thus as ships are getting bigger,
retreat. The third is increased wave action, which canthere has been signify technological change link to safe
affect the structural integrity of coastal facilities andmaneuvering and controllability. In reference To this
installations such as power plants. The last is salinedesign has focused on mitigating issues like large
intrusion, which can pose a potential threat of waterwindage associated with container ships, which
contamination at water abstraction points. Examples ofcan complicate ship controllability in narrow
other impacts include submergence of corals, coralchannels as well as during slow speed maneuvering;
bleaching due to increasing levels of CO2 in the water,also Limiting speed in channel remain a critical
and depletion of fisheries resources due to loss ofpart of operational maintenance work
mangrove habitats.Direct-technological ship with drive diesel ships with high
Âinstalled power to achieve design service speeds can,
Âin some cases, have a minimum bare steerage speed
Water management follows three stages:of about 8 knots -quite a high speed in confined
1-unregulated river water become supply - oriented , itwaters, has remain a challenge for terminal operators
remain so as long as water is abundant and the[16].
demand can be satisfied without modifying hydrologicalManeuverability of during ship designs focus more on
regime.optimum operation of ships in the Open Ocean, and
2-Scarcity of water-with increase pressure of demandpay les attention to operations in confined areas. Ship
for water and water related services, waterControl is important when ships slow to turn, docks, or
management become resources oriented and theattached to tugs. Factors contributing to loss of control
basis for multipurpose development.include slow vessel speed, following currents, waves,
3-Regulated natural regime-as Limit of acceptableand cross-wind. Sailboats traveling under sail require
stream flow regulation and development are reached,extra maneuvering space. A good navigation channel
marginal cost of water supply radically increases, andmust accommodate the ships using it. Ships are
here development management becomes important [1].controlled by propellers and rudders at the stern. Some
Âships are also equipped with bow thrusters or bow
The first case apply to Terengganu, the first caseand stern thrusters, which aid in control, especially at
apply, and significant, sustainable balancing oflow speeds. Often, one or more tugs are needed to
economic, environmental development, communityassist ships in some phases of entering and leaving a
involvement maximize benefits of the planning andport.
implementation strategy that could result toÂÂ
dramatically improved public access, provision of newVessel operations during navigation channel deepening
open spaces, improved quality of life, strengthened cityare required to enhance safety, efficiency, and
and image and community pride.productivity of waterborne commerce in ports and
Âharbors. Shallow-draft projects embody similar
5.0 Environmental Risk of IWTSconcerns and often public recreational access as well.
ÂThe following as related to Vessel operability is
The environmental impacts of water transportationimportant in channel maintenance work:
vary from river to river and project to project, but inÂ
many cases, the environment is not noticeablyNavigation system- this include the following port
affected by waterway freight transport. Where itharbor operations:
does have a negative impact, the effect is usually i.    Â
minimal. Because of the concern over the impacts that      Â
the different transportation modes have on the      Â
environment, there has been a more concerted effort Waterway engineering: Navigation channels,
to identify those impacts. Recent time have studiesenvironmental factors, dredging and mapping services,
that are similar in nature analyzed the types and levelsshore docking facilities.ii.   Â
of impacts of a modal shift on the environment; viz.      Â
what happens if cargo movements are shifted from      Â
one mode to another. What would be the increases inMarine traffic: Operational rules, aids to navigation, pilot
fuel usage, Issues related exhaust emissions, probableand tug service, communications, and vessel traffic
accidents, traffic congestion, etc. All three studiesservices.iii.    Â
compared the same cargoes shipped by different      Â
modes, and concluded that, ton for ton, produce     Vessel
vessels have fewer accidents, consume less energy,hydrodynamics: Vessel design, maneuverability and
fewer harmful emissions, society in general and arecontrollability, human factors, navigation equipment.
less disruptive. These studies findings show thatÂ
transporting of bulk commodities by water are7.2 Inland waterway channels requirement -
environmentally compatible, provides a means toWaterway channel involve the sizing of vessels that
sustainable development, and that the use of thiswill transit a waterway, Maintenance dredging Capacity
environmentally-friendly mode should be encouraged.-Â Â sediments output and estimates with
[13].clear objective to reduce channel delay accepts big
Âships; need to be done in environmental sustainable
Wide variety of human activities can affect themanner and optimal efficiency (economically).
coastal and marine environment. Population pressure,Quantification of channel require quantifying depth
increasing demands for space, competition overthat pave wave for dredging requirement to be
resources, and poor economic performances can alldetermined and this lead to optimal choice of dredger
undermine the sustainable use of our oceans and.generic analysis of navigation and
coastal areas. The most serious problems affectingenvironmental and sediment , with Iterative
the quality and use of these ecosystems surroundingprocess and allowance discounting discussed under
coastal water encompass release to:the case studies in taking account of impactsÂ
Âto channel during operations and during
Âconstruction.
1.     ÂÂ
Water - pollution release directly or washed downedNavigation, coastal and geotechnical engineers have a
through ground watervery pronounced problem in regards to this - past
2.      Air-design in human activities has been based on
air pollution, noise population, vibrationaftermath assessment of calamity where engineers
3.      Soil-have dealt with the high level of uncertainty by
dredge disposal and  Âconservatively assigning or specifying much larger
contaminated sedimentscapacities than the projected demand. This ratio of
4.      Floodcapacity to predicted demand is the classical safety
risk - biochemical reaction of pollution elements withfactor approach, which requires significant experience
water.levels to be done right.Complementing, sustainable
5.     Âmaintenance balancing wok is also Aids to Navigation /
Collision - operationalNavigation Information. Channel dimensioning requires
6.     Âchannel depth and width characteristics:
Biodiversification - endangered and threatened species, i.    Â
habitat      Â
ÂÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â
Risk management should involve alternative risk Channel Depth Characteristics - Channel
reduction measures and the implementation of thosedeepening is considered more important by channel
that appear cost effective .where Zero discharge =designers, economists and mariners alike.ii.Â
zero risk, but the challenge is to bring the risk to be at      Â
acceptable level and at the same time, derive the max      Â
Benefit. Simulate extreme condition and model - using   Channel Width Characteristics
combination mathematical modeling and stochastic- The main characteristics of a channel width may be
techniques while considering all factors in holisticgrouped into the following general categories:a.Â
manner.     Channel
ÂLayout (i.e., plan view path characteristics such as
Uncertainty is part of risk, but it's and abstract naturestraight and curved sections)b.  Â
and limitation of knowledge of unseen in real world   Channel Cross-Section
settings make it s quantification a complex work.(hydrodynamic characteristics such as depth, width,
associated with uncertainty are normally reflect issueand side-slopes) many factors feed into the
of influences on recovery process, Test ofdetermination of the dimensions and specifications of
new advancements, Influence on policy, Addresschannel characteristics
system changes over time, services & resources. TheÂ
"sources" of a "lack of certainty" can be several.The quality of aids to navigation, type of channel cross
Moreover, the methods of measurement may besection, and current strength impact the required width,
uncertain, or the models used inaccurate. Furthermore,experience with ship simulator studies has indicated
uncertainty can arise from profound misunderstandingsthat traditional channel width design criteria are overly
of the phenomena that are observed or areconservative. Navigation is more difficult when channel
attempted to be assessed, perhaps because there iscross section (overbank depths, channel depth and
no adequate theoretical knowledge yet.width) varies significantly. Bank effects and currents
Âbecome less predictable and extra care is needed for
6.0 Environmental Benefits of IWTSvessel control. Traditional guidance for channel width is
Âthe same as for deep-draft channels.
The commodities on which our lives and livelihoodÂ
depend have to be transported by one mode or7.3 Environmental sustainability and IWTS -
another however; the aadvantage of using InlandSustainability under UN definition emphasize on 4 tier
water transportation system over other mode ofbalancing environment, economics, social and
transportation has been described by variousdevelopment issue that occupied man, the environment
comparative studies. Advantage range from issues ofhe inherited his survival, and reliability on continuity of
concerned in of human modern world. As highlightedthe planet for the right of future generation. maritime
above there are inherent risks in shipping by barge, butindustry need to adjust to the ways we do things in a
yet statistics, water transport is the safest and mostworld of sensitivity being characterized by sustainability,
regulated form of transportation and has fewercapacity building, efficiency, optimization of
accidental spills or collisions than any other mode. Thisdevelopment, practice and operations that meets the
excellent record is directly attributable to both exactingneeds of the present generation without compromising
operational safeguards imposed by the carriersthe ability of future generation to meet their need.
themselves as well as strict federally-mandatedEnvironmental sustainability - "environmental issues"
inspection standards. There is little public awareness ofunder what surround us, As well as difficulties
the water transport industry outside the riverassociated with changes to the bathymetry due to
communities that it serves. This can be attributeddredging or as a resulted in changes in water currents
primarily to the non-intrusive nature of the industry'sor other oceanographic effects or as result of
operations and its impressive safety record. One ofsediment transport and need maintain n them
the primary reasons for this lack of intrusiveness is the,sustain our living and existence and purpose
width of most of the rivers, their location in relation toassociated with them. Require historical as well as
population centers, as well as levees and floodwalls.recent and predictive datasets system and "Now
Âcasts" and predictions of these parameters with the
According to the United Nations, human benefit fromuse of numerical calculation models that can provides
marine and coastal ecosystem and activities: Coastalreal-time information about water levels, currents, and
tourism =161 billion American dollars, Trade and shippingother oceanographic and meteorological data from
=155 billion American dollars, Offshore oil and gas = 132bays and harbors, are available.
billion American dollars, Fisheries = 80 billion American7.4 Transportation Hybrid Process Requirement -
dollars. Therefore, it is important to be careful andMaking Transportation Smarter - Hybridizing
maintain balance in dealing our activities. The populartransportation system will involve:
media attention is concentrated on loss of life and1. Development of a conceptual standard for Ship
property. There is little prospect for preventing manyControl Centre (SCC) Design-
of the disasters from occurring although much could2. Development of Advanced Information Processing
be done to reduce their severity. Many impacts couldthat will enhance efficiency, and safety including human
be mitigated through better vulnerability and riskperformance by integration of information and
assessment, predictive modeling, informationimprovement of decision support methods.
dissemination, and policy development [13].3. Verification of Conceptual Standard for SCC and
Ârisk of solution accountability for Design vs, Efficiency
6.1 Energy efficiency - The use of energy by theand Safety in combination with increased user
different modes of freight transportation has becomesatisfaction. Safety assessment, the risk of a collision,
of increasing concern in setting transportation policy.supports interoperability and interconnectivity.
Energy efficiency is the measure of performance of4. Conceptual Standard for ISC Systems including use
our system is it structure or mobile Energy efficiency isof components for a future standard on ISC systems,
usually measured in one of two ways: by comparingincluding guidelines for the preparation of companion
how many miles each mode of transportation canstandards and conformance classes.
carry a ton of freight per gallon of fuel, or by how5. Harmonized Human-Machine Interface (HMI),
many BTUs are expended per ton mile. In consideringtowards contribution to the safety and efficiency
the choice of alternative transportation modes, it isimprovements measured in the project.
imperative to consider energy that will be spent in6. Standardized Process Network including use
shifting from one mode to another will result in greaterof tools required for network performance
energy consumption by the less fuel-efficient mode.prediction, reliability as expressed
For cargo carriage, vessels is required to move one8.0 Conclusion
ton of cargo none mile, with energy efficiency which isSumming it up, building hybrid integrative transportation
the inverse of energy intensiveness Propulsion energysystem that combines land road-water resources is
including refinery losses. -Combines operating energyindeed a challenge. To achieve success in such
with maintenance energy, vehicle manufacturingtransportation artifact, providing the value and benefits
energy, and construction energy..require setting of high goal objectives that can be
Âachieved within designated time, cost benefit should be
Table 2.3- Energy modal comparison - Source: [38]clearly defined and performance problems and
Table 3 - Modal energy comparisonlifecycle issues should be well addressed, risk mitigated.
ModeInformation transparency and information sharing
Operating energythrough dissemination forum should be planned. The
LNE - haule Energyfact that environmental issue is of global warming,
Modal Energyclimate change and ozone depleting is driving today
Railtechnology touché inland water
412.5transportation system were discussed. Need to adopt
706.3new transportation strategy warranted and
1075incorporating old transportation system with sustainable
TruckInland Water Transportation that mitigate
1312.5environmental, technical , economic, social, safety ,
1312.5ecological requirement under integrative integrated
2137.5transportation system will provide reliable Inland Water
BargeTransportation System aggressively growing state
262.5should adopt smart multimodal planning for sustainable
262.5transportation.
618.89.0 References
ÂÂ
Â1.     Â
ÂRackwitz, R. "How Safe is Safe enough? An
Numerous studies of fuel efficiency have been doneApproach by Optimization and Life Quality Index".
shows that shallow-draft water transportation is theProceeding of ASTRANET Conference , 2002
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bulkraw materials, is the least energy intensive methodB.M.Abbas. River basin development.
of freight transportation when moving equivalentTycooly,Dublin,1983
amounts of cargo, and consumes less energy than3.     Â
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vibration levels, which are dampened out by theThirds Assessment Report of the International Panel
cushioning effect of the waterway itself, are noton Climate Change. 2001: Chapter 12.
normally considered a problem. Land based including5.     Â
road and rail cars are susceptible to accidents, oftenLaurel Gascho, Henrike Peichert, and Sarah
times resulting in a loss of cargo, especially railRenner "Malaysia /Referral & Comparative
transportation are more vulnerable because shipmentsexperiences / Inland Waterway Transportation
typically involving a large number of massive unitsSystem"Â Â Environment and Poverty
traveling at high speed in a single line. River barges withNetworks, February, 2006
navigation aid infrastructure ensure right-of-way mostly7.     Â
with pleasure craft that operate primarily both inOsterreichische Wasserstrassen. "Inland Environmental
warmer weather and during daylight hours anPerformance " RINA, Pg 49, 2007
intermodal comparison work recently conducted by8.      Illinois
waterway foundationState Water Survey, Department of Energy and
6.3 Congestion - Pressure relating to technological;Natural Resources, "Impacts of Commercial Navigation
change needs and population has led to high demandon Water Quality in the Illinois River Channel",
for road transportation vehicle that has led to unChampaign, IL, 1992.
convenient congestion problems and cones, traffic9.     Â
growth in most city of the world is currently outstrippedEastman, S.E. "Fuel Efficiency in Freight Transportation",
any increase in increase of green house gasThe American Waterway Operators, Inc., Arlington,
release increase, currently hurting our planet. There isVA, June, 1980, p.7.
currently fringing in infrastructure capacity, where10.  National Waterways Foundation.
traffic demand exceeds supply leading to delays and"U.S. Waterways Productivity". A Private and Public
safety problems.Partnership, Huntsville, AL, 1983, PP* 165-167.
6.4 Air, noise and vibration pollution - Rise in traffic13.  Butts, Thomas A. and Dana B.
volumes due to urban population, increase mobility hasShackleford." Impacts of Commercial Navigation on
been identified by recent studies to be mainWater Quality in the Illinois River Channel". ISWS
contributors to Noise levels rise and contamination ofRR-122. 1992
air quality. Comparative studies has revealed that road14.  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
transportation is the major offender RoadInstitute for Water Resources, Water Resources
transportation is the major offender more than otherSupport Center, National Waterways Study, "Analysis
mode of transportation. Currently there is limited dataof Environmental Aspects of Waterway Navigation",
exists on noise levels of barge operations, mainlyReview Draft, Fort Beloit, VA, April 1980, p227.
because they are not considered problem. Figure 415.  Broils, J.U., "New European norms for
show  environmental force driving nextsize of waterway urgently needed.
generation technology.